Introduction
The CBE Manual recommends two systems of documentation. One is name-year
(N-Y) based, similar to the APA Manual. The other is a citation-sequence
(C-S) system that uses numerical listing of sources in the sequence
they are mentioned in the paper. Sample papers in both systems follow
the examples. You can find the complete coverage of the CBE style of
documentation in Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Manual for
Authors, Editors and Publishers, 6th edition, 825 p., compiled by
the Style Manual Committee Council of Biology Editors.
In this Guide, you will find the citation-sequence (C-S)
examples displayed first. After them will follow the name-year (N-Y)
system display. Ask your professor which CBE version he/she recommends
for your paper.
Citation-Sequence (C-S)
Examples of References for Source List at the End of the Paper
Book by a Single Author
Sagan C. The demon-haunted world: science as a candle in the dark. New York: Random
House; 1996. 457p.
Book by Two or More Authors
Ferrini AF, Ferrini RL. Health in the later years. 2nd ed. Dubuque (IA): Brown &
Benchmark; 1993. 470 p.
Book with Editors
Gilman AG, Rall TW, Nies AS, Taylor P, editors. The pharmacological basis of
therapeutics. 8th ed. New York: Pergamon; 1990. 1811 p.
Book with Author, Editor, Translator, and
Note
Luzikov VN. Mitochondrial biogenesis and breakdown. Galkin AV, translator;
Roodyn DB, editor. New York: Consultants Bureau; 1985. 362 p. Translation of:
Regulatsiia formirovaniia Mitokhondrii.
Book Published in a New Edition
Bauman MG. Ideas and details: a guide to college writing. 3rd ed. Fort Worth (TX):
Harcourt Brace College Publishers; 1998. 434 p.
Book Published in Several Volumes
Geigy Scientific Tables. 8th ed. 6 volumes. West Caldwell (NJ): CIBA-Geigy;
1991-1993.
Article in an Encyclopedia
Hinrichs, T. Geothermal power. McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology.
7th ed. 20 volumes. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1992; 8: 83-87.
Article in a Scholarly Journal
Holmberg S, Osterholm M, Sanger K, Cohen M. Drug-resistant salmonella from
animals fed antimicrobials. New England Journal of Medicine 1987; 311: 617-622.
Article in a Monthly Periodical
Jarrell KF, Bayley DP, Correia JD, Thomas NA. Recent excitement about the archaea.
BioScience 1999 July; 49 (7): 530-541.
Article in a Newspaper
Glaberson W. The courts vs. scientific certainty. New York Times 1999 June 7;
Sect 4; 5 (col 3).
Article Without an Author
[Anonymous]. Gene data may help fight colon cancer. Los Angeles Times 1990 Aug 24;
Sect A: 4.
Letter to the Editor
Dandelions free, abundant, tasty. To the Editor. Carey P. Rochester Democrat and
Chronicle 1999 Aug 1; Sect A: 21.
Editorial
A health-care divide. Editorial. Rochester Democrat and Chronicle 1999 Aug 1;
Sect A: 20 (col 1).
Personal Communication (Interview)
Krueger B. Research documentation style in biology classes. 1999 July 15.
Video Recording
Aids in Africa: living with a time bomb [videocassette] Princeton: Films for the
Humanities and Sciences; 1991. 33 min, sound, color, ½ in.
Sample paper documented in the CBE Style Citation-Sequence (C-S)
Listing of Sources
A Brief Overview of Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
B. Krueger, 1999
A nasty cold takes you by surprise. There is a big exam tomorrow;
you reach for the leftover penicillin in the medicine cabinet. That
ought to get rid of this virus. Directions say, "take one" – you take
two because you are feeling terrible. Maybe tomorrow you will be better.
What is wrong with this scenario? First and foremost, antibiotics have
NO EFFECT on viruses. Secondly, a prescription should only be taken
as directed. This scenario could set up a potentially deadly situation.
When antibiotics are taken indiscriminately, the stage is set for the
selection of resistant bacteria. First documented in 1960, resistant
bacteria are not harmed by one or more antibiotics (1). With resistant
bacteria infections, traditional treatments often fail and the patient
becomes sicker, and may even die. How do bacteria become resistant?
What increases the chances of bacterial resistance? And how much of
a threat are resistant bacteria?
Made naturally, antibiotics are designed to interfere with or
kill other microorganisms (1, 2). Microbes that make the antibiotics
have devised ways to protect themselves from their self-manufactured
toxins (2). This resistance can also be passed on to other bacteria,
even those of different species. When a population of bacteria is exposed
to an antibiotic (which occurs, for example, when we take antibiotics),
those bacteria NOT resistant to the drug die first. The resistant ones
are left behind to produce more resistant bacteria (1, 2). Some activities
contributing to the observed increase in resistant bacteria include
the following (in no particular order):
- Not taking antibiotics as prescribed (1, 2)
- The unnecessary use of antibacterial products (1)
- Doctors prescribing antibiotics when they are not needed (1,
2)
- Mixing antibiotics with livestock feed (1)
Resistant bacteria pose an ever-increasing threat. Several strains of
the tuberculosis bacterium, resistant to one, two, or even three antibiotics,
have been isolated. Some bacteria seem to acquire the DNA of other bacteria,
and therefore antibiotic resistance genes, more readily than others (3).
This has produced particularly pathogenic strains of some food borne bacteria,
such as E. coli and Salmonella, which no longer respond to antibiotic
treatment (4). Outbreaks of these infections have made headlines recently.
In summary, the use of antibiotics selects for resistant bacteria.
These bacteria have the potential to evade treatment and possibly harm
or even kill patients they infect. Strategies for reducing the current
increase in antibiotic resistance include taking antibiotics as prescribed,
and only when necessary, and avoiding the use of antibacterial products
in the home.
References
1. Levy SB. The challenge of antibiotic resistance. Scientific American
1998; 278 (3):46-53.
2. Ambile-Cuevas CF, Cardemas-Garcia M, Ludgar M. Antibiotic resistance.
American Scientist 1995; 83 (4) 320-329.
3. Grady D. Quick-change pathogens gain on evolutionary edge. Science
1996; 274: 1081.
4. Holmberg S, Osterholm M, Sanger K, Cohen M. Drug-resistant salmonella
from animals fed antimicrobials. New England Journal of Medicine 1987;
31: 617-622.
Name-Year (N-Y) Examples of References for Source List at the End
of the Paper
Book by a Single Author
Sagan C. 1996. The demon-haunted world: science as a candle in the dark.
New York: Random House; 457p.
Book by Two or More Authors
Ferrini AF, Ferrini RL.1993. Health in the later years. 2nd ed. Dubuque (IA):
Brown & Benchmark; 470 p.
Book with Editors
Gilman AG, Rall TW, Nies AS, Taylor P, editors. 1990. The pharmacological
basis of therapeutics. 8th ed. New York: Pergamon; 1811 p.
Book with Author, Editor, Translator, and
Note
Luzikov VN. 1985. Mitochondrial biogenesis and breakdown. Galkin AV,
translator; Roodyn DB, editor. New York: Consultants Bureau; 362 p.
Translation of: Regulatsiia formirovaniia Mitokhondrii.
Book Published in a New Edition
Bauman MG. 1998.Ideas and details: a guide to college writing. 3rd ed.
Fort Worth (TX): Harcourt Brace College Publishers; 434 p.
Book Published in Several Volumes
Geigy Scientific Tables. 1991-1993. 8th ed. 6 volumes. West Caldwell
(NJ): CIBA-Geigy.
Article in an Encyclopedia
Ellis AJ. 1992. Geothermo power. McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science
and Technology. 7th ed. 20 volumes. New York: McGraw-Hill; 8: 83-87.
Article in a Scholarly Journal
Holmberg S, Osterholm M, Sanger K,Cohen M.1997. Drug-resistant
salmonella from animals fed antimicrobials. New England Journal of Medicine
311: 617-622.
Article in a Monthly Periodical
Jarrell KF, Bayley DP, Correia JD, Thomas NA. 1999 July. Recent
excitement about the archaea. BioScience ; 49 (7): 530-541.
Article in a Newspaper
Glaberson W. 1999 June 7. The courts vs. scientific certainty.
New York Times; Sect 4; 5 (col 3).
Article Without an Author
[Anonymous]. 1990 Aug 24. Gene data may help fight colon cancer.
Los Angeles Times; Sect A: 4.
Letter to the Editor
Dandelions free, abundant, tasty. To the Editor. Carey P. 1999 Aug 1.
Rochester Democrat and Chronicle; Sect A: 21 (col 1).
Editorial
A health-care divide. Editorial. 1999 Aug l. Rochester Democrat and
Chronicle; Sect A: 20 (col 1).
Personal Communication (Interview)
Krueger B. 1999 July 15. Research documentation style in
biology classes.
Video Recording
Aids in Africa: living with a time bomb [videocassette] 1991. Princeton:
Films for the Humanities and Sciences; 33min, sound, color, ½ in.
ELECTRONIC SOURCES
Book
MARTINDALE ONLINE [book online]. London: Pharmaceutical Society
of Great Britain; 1989 [updated 1989 Dec]. Available from: Dialog
Information Services, Palo Alto,CA www.dialog.com Related to the
publication Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia. Accessed 1990
Jan 10.
Article in a Journal
Halbert M. The challenge of multimedia networking. Public Access
Comput Syst Rev [serial online] 1993; 4 (1): 18-23. Avail from: FTP:
lib.ncsu.edu. Accessed 1995 Feb 28.
CD-ROM, Tape, or Diskette (Unchangeable Databases)
Jones, E, editor. Developing client/server applications with Microsoft
Access. [CD-ROM] New York: McGraw-Hill; 1997. 327p.
Database
Carr JA. Information literacy and teacher education. ERIC Digest.
Washington DC: ERIC Clearing House on Teaching and Teacher
Education; 1998. (ERIC Accession NO. ED 42423).
E-mail
Callan S. scallan@monroecc.edu 1999 Aug 7. The Mayan Calendar.
Internet
Derian JD. Cyber-deterrance. Wired [Online] 2 (9). Avail from:
http://www.wired.com/Etext/index.html File:Cyber-deterrance:
The US army fights tomorrow's war today [1997 Oct 15]
Online Posting
Holland N. Overcoming depression. Online posting. 1997 Mar 19.
Psyart. 1997 Mar 21 http://web.clas.ufl.edu/ipsa/psyart.htm.
Sample paper documented in the CBE Style Name-Year (N-Y)
Listing of Sources
A Brief Overview of Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
B. Krueger, 1999
A nasty cold takes you by surprise. There is a big exam tomorrow;
you reach for the leftover penicillin in the medicine cabinet. That
ought to get rid of this virus. Directions say, "take one" – you take
two because you are feeling terrible. Maybe tomorrow you will be better.
What is wrong with this scenario? First and foremost, antibiotics have
NO EFFECT on viruses. Secondly, a prescription should only be taken
as directed. This scenario could set up a potentially deadly situation.
When antibiotics are taken indiscriminately, the stage is set for the
selection of resistant bacteria. First documented in 1960, resistant
bacteria are not harmed by one or more antibiotics (Levy, 1998). With
resistant bacteria infections, traditional treatments often fail and
the patient becomes sicker, and may even die. How do bacteria become
resistant? What increases the chances of bacterial resistance? And how
much of a threat are resistant bacteria?
Made naturally, antibiotics are designed to interfere with or
kill other microorganisms (Ambile-Cuevas, Cardemas-Garcia, Ludgar, 1995;
Levy, 1998). Microbes that make the antibiotics have devised ways to
protect themselves from their self-manufactured toxins (Ambile-Cuevas
et al., 1995). This resistance can also be passed on to other bacteria,
even those of different species. When a population of bacteria is exposed
to an antibiotic (which occurs, for example, when we take antibiotics),
those bacteria NOT resistant to the drug die first. The resistant ones
are left behind to produce more resistant bacteria (Ambile-Cuevas et
al., 1995; Levy, 1998). Some activities contributing to the observed
increase in resistant bacteria include the following (in no particular
order):
- Not taking antibiotics as prescribed (Ambile-Cuevas et al.,
1995; Levy, 1998)
- The unnecessary use of antibacterial products (Levy, 1998)
- Doctors prescribing antibiotics when they are not needed (Ambile-Cuevas
et al., 1995; Levy, 1998)
- Mixing antibiotics with livestock feed (Holmberg, Osterholm,
Sanger, Cohen, 1987; Levy, 1998)
Resistant bacteria pose an ever-increasing threat. Several strains of
the tuberculosis bacterium, resistant to one, two, or even three antibiotics,
have been isolated. Some bacteria seem to acquire the DNA of other bacteria,
and therefore antibiotic resistance genes, more readily than others (Grady,
1996). This has produced particularly pathogenic strains of some food
borne bacteria, such as E. coli and Salmonella,
which no longer respond to antibiotic treatment (Holmberg et al. 1987).
Outbreaks of these infections have made headlines recently.
In summary, the use of antibiotics selects for resistant bacteria.
These bacteria have the potential to evade treatment and possibly harm
or even kill patients they infect. Strategies for reducing the current
increase in antibiotic resistance include taking antibiotics as prescribed,
and only when necessary, and avoiding the use of antibacterial products
in the home.
References
Ambile-Cuevas CF, Cardemas-Garcia M, Ludgar M. 1995. Antibiotic
resistance. American Scientist; 83 (4) 320-329.
Grady D. 1996. Quick-change pathogens gain on evolutionary edge.
Science; 274: 1081.
Holmberg S, Osterholm M, Sanger K, Cohen M. 1987. Drug-resistant
salmonella from animals fed antimicrobials. New England Journal
of Medicine; 31: 617-622.
Levy SB. 1998. The challenge of antibiotic resistance. Scientific
American; 278 (3):46-53.
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