Module 7 Study Guide
Chapters 14 and 15
Learning Objective 1
Sections 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, Disorders; Causes of Disorders; Categorizing and Assessing Disorders
- What term do psychologists use to refer to a sickness or disorder of the mind? (p. 547)
- What are the four main criteria psychological professionals use to diagnose psychological disorders? What are the limitations if we use only one specific criteria? (p. 547)
- Why are psychologists concerned with the etiology of a disorder? (p. 548)
- What is the advantage of grouping symptoms into categories of disorders? (p. 548)
- How does the diathesis-stress model include both nature and nurture in the emergence of psychological disorders? (p. 549)
- What three factors influence the emergence and progression of psychological disorders according to the biopsychosocial approach? (pp. 549-551)
- Describe the four main methods of symptom assessment. How does psychological testing differ from self-report? (p. 552)
- What is the DSM? What kind of information does it contain? How is it used? (p. 552)
- What is the value of a dimensional approach to psychological disorders? (p. 553)
- How does comorbidity complicate the process of diagnosis? (p. 553)
- What is a cultural syndrome? Can you think of something that is an American cultural syndrome? (pp. 553-554)
Learning Objective 2
Sections 14.4, 14.5, Anxiety-Related Disorders
- How do people with anxiety disorders typically feel? How do they tend to react to ambiguous situations? (pp. 555-559)
- Describe and distinguish the symptoms of the five anxiety disorders listed in our textbook. (pp. 556-558)
- What would the biopsychosocial approach look at to explain the development of anxiety disorders? (pp. 558-559)
- What is obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)? How does it develop? (pp. 559-561)
- What is post-traumatic stress disorder? Who are most at risk of developing it? (p. 561)
Learning Objective 3
Sections 14.6, 14.7, 14.8, 14.9, Depressive Disorders; Development of Depressive Disorders; Bipolar Disorder
- What are the main differences between major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder? (pp. 562-563)
- What are typical bio, psycho, and social contributors to depressive disorders? (pp. 563-565)
- What have twin studies revealed about the likelihood of developing depressive disorders? (p. 564)
- How might a person’s relationships affect their reactions to life stressors? (p. 564)
- What are the three topics of Aaron Beck’s cognitive triad? How would a depressed person usually interpret their life across these three topics? (p. 564)
- How does a person learn helplessness? (pp. 564-565)
- What kinds of societal conditions are associated with greater rates of depression? (p. 565)
- What three things can you do if you think a friend or loved one might be considering suicide? (p. 566)
- What are the typical moods and actions of someone who is experiencing a manic episode? (p. 567)
- What is the difference between bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder? (pp. 567-568)
- Compared to depressive disorders, how common are bipolar disorders? (p. 568)
- What kind of evidence has revealed a genetic component to bipolar disorders? (pp. 568-569)
Learning Objective 4
Sections 14.10, 14.11, 14.12, Schizophrenia; Causes of Schizophrenia; Personality Disorders
- What is schizophrenia? (p. 569)
- In schizophrenia, what is the difference between positive and negative symptoms? (What do “positive” and “negative” mean in this context?) (pp. 569-570)
- List and describe the five major symptoms (according to the DSM) of schizophrenia. (pp. 569-571)
- What evidence suggests that schizophrenia is caused by biological factors? What suggests that environmental factors can cause schizophrenia to develop? (pp. 572-574)
- What are personality disorders? (p. 575)
- Describe borderline personality disorder and the environmental factors that may be associated with it. (pp. 576-577)
- Describe antisocial personality disorder. (pp. 577-578)
- What is the distinction between a psychopath and someone diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder who is not psychopathic? (p. 577)
Learning Objective 5
Sections 14.14, 14.15, 14.16, 14.17, Eating Disorders, Disorders Affecting Children
- What are eating disorders? (p. 580)
- Describe the symptoms of anorexia nervosa, along with its health problems. (pp. 580-581)
- Describe the symptoms of bulimia nervosa, along with its health problems. (pp. 581-582)
- Describe the symptoms of binge eating disorder, along with its health problems. (p. 582)
- What are neurodevelopmental disorders? Recognize the six examples shown in Table 14.10. (pp. 582-583)
- Describe the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder in terms of its three types of deficits. (pp. 584-585)
- What biological factors might lead to the development of autism spectrum disorder? Why are vaccines falsely assumed to be related to autism? (p. 585)
- What are some symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? (p. 586)
- What environmental and biological factors might contribute to the development of ADHD? (pp. 586-587)
- How early in the lifespan is ADHD typically diagnosed? What is the prognosis as these children age and grow into adults? (p. 587)
Learning Objective 6
Sections 15.1, 15.2, 15.4, How Are Psychological Disorders Treated?
- What are the goals of psychotherapies? (p. 595)
- What do practitioners of psychoanalysis believe is an underlying cause of psychological disorders? (p. 595)
- In psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapy, how do free association or dream analysis lead to important insights? (p. 596)
- What do practitioners of humanistic therapy believe are the important insights to help clients overcome their disorders? (p. 596)
- In Carl Rogers’ client-centered therapy, what is the purpose of active listening and unconditional positive regard? (pp. 596-597)
- What is the main idea behind behavior therapy? What would be rewarded or punished? (p. 597)
- Describe how a token economy might work when training social skills. What role does modeling play in behavior therapy? (p. 597)
- What is the target of cognitive restructuring or rational-emotive therapy? (p. 598)
- What conditions is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) especially effective in treating? (p. 598)
- What do practitioners of biological therapies believe about the underlying causes of psychological disorders? (p. 600)
- How do psychotropic medications work within the brain? (p. 601)
- What are the five classes of psychotropic medications? What is each used to treat? (pp. 601-602)
- What do each of the three electrical-based treatments for extreme cases of psychological disorders do to the brain? When should such treatments be considered? (p. 602)
Learning Objective 7
Sections 15.5, 15.6, Scientific Evidence; Providers of Treatment, Technology and Treatment
- How can you distinguish between a fringe therapy and an evidence-based one? (p. 604)
- How does empirical research tell us whether a treatment for a psychological disorder is valid? (p. 604)
- What are randomized clinical trials, and how does random assignment play a part in them? (p. 604)
- What is so important about using evidence to decide on a treatment method? (p. 604)
- What are the differences, in terms of training, degree, and employment opportunities, between clinical psychologists, counseling psychologists, and psychiatrists? (p. 605)
- How has technology broadened the reach of psychotherapy? (p. 606)
Learning Objective 8
Sections 15.8, 15.9, Cognitive-behavioral Therapies for Anxiety and OCD; Treatments for Depressive Disorders
- What are the effective treatments for anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder? (pp. 609-614)
- What is the goal of exposure, and how is it related to classical conditioning? (p. 609)
- How might people learn specific phobias? (p. 611)
- What are the steps of systematic desensitization? (pp. 611-612)
- What are the treatment options for panic disorder? (p. 612)
- How is exposure and response prevention used for obsessive-compulsive disorder? Which type of psychotropic drug seems effective for OCD? (pp. 612-614)
- What kind of psychotropic drugs are normally used to treat depression? What are these drugs assumed to do in the brain? (pp. 614-615)
- How can cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) help treat depression? What does the research suggest about combining CBT with psychotropic drugs to treat depression? (pp. 615-616)
- What do we know about the effectiveness of these alternative treatment methods for depressive disorders: phototherapy, exercise, electro-convulsive therapy (ECT), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and deep brain stimulation (DBS)? (pp. 616-617)
Learning Objective 9
Sections 15.10, 15.11, 15.12, 15.13, Treating Bipolar Disorder; Treating Schizophrenia; Treating Borderline Personality Disorder; Treating Antisocial Personality Disorder
- Which psychotropic medications are most typically used to treat bipolar disorders? Which symptoms do they target? Are they equally effective? (pp. 618-619)
- Which types of symptoms of schizophrenia have conventional antipsychotics been shown to effectively treat? What is tardive dyskinesia, and how is it related to these conventional antipsychotics? (p. 620)
- How do atypical antipsychotics differ in their functions from conventional antipsychotics? (pp. 620-621)
- What are the goals of behavioral therapy for schizophrenia? (p. 621)
- What is Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)? Why is its third phase crucial? (pp. 622-623)
- Why is it so difficult to treat antisocial personality disorder? (pp. 623-624)
- What is the prognosis for people diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder? (pp. 623-624)
Learning Objective 10
Sections 15.13, 15.14, 15.15, Treating Depressive Disorder in Adolescents; Treating Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children; Treating ADHD in Children
- How are structured behavior therapies, such as applied behavioral analysis, used to treat autism? (pp. 625-626)
- How does naturalistic developmental behavioral intervention help make applied behavioral analysis more thorough? (pp. 625-626)
- What does the research say about the use of biological treatments for autism spectrum disorder? (p. 626)
- What psychotropic drugs are used to treat ADHD? How do they seem to work? (pp. 626-628)
- Is there evidence that behavioral therapy alone can treat the symptoms of ADHD? Why might combining behavior therapy with psychotropic medication be effective? (p. 628)